{
  "schema_version": 1,
  "id": "leisure-crafting-work-spillover-boundary-2026",
  "canonical_url": "https://brali-lifeos.github.io/evidence/leisure-crafting-work-spillover-boundary-2026/",
  "json_url": "https://brali-lifeos.github.io/evidence/leisure-crafting-work-spillover-boundary-2026/index.json",
  "decision": "propose-protocol",
  "decision_label": "Protocol candidate",
  "reviewed_at": "2026-09-03",
  "reviewed_by": "Brali Evidence Reviewer",
  "source": {
    "title": "The leisure crafting intervention: Effects on work and non-work outcomes and the moderating role of age",
    "url": "https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/00187267251407641",
    "type": "primary-study",
    "doi": "10.1177/00187267251407641",
    "citation_text": "Petrou P, Den Dulk L, Michaelides G. Human Relations. First published online 8 January 2026.",
    "study_design": "Five-week randomized online intervention with repeated weekly measurements and a passive control group. Participants were randomized after baseline. The intervention group created a leisure-based personal development plan and reflected on it weekly; growth trajectories were estimated with Bayesian multilevel models.",
    "population": "462 employed adults from multiple occupational sectors in the Netherlands recruited through an internet research panel. Participants worked at least three days per week and either had a leisure activity or were willing to find one. The analyzed intervention group included 196 participants and the passive control 266. Retention criteria required sufficient survey participation and leisure activity; intervention participants also had to report more than minimal effort.",
    "intervention_or_exposure": "A brief educational video introduced leisure crafting. Participants chose a leisure activity and wrote a four-week personal development plan covering three elements: an autonomously chosen goal, something to learn or develop, and human connection. At each weekly survey they reflected on progress, what happened during the activity and what they wanted to adjust for the following week.",
    "outcomes": [
      "Leisure crafting",
      "Meaning at work",
      "Employee creativity",
      "Work engagement",
      "Meaning in life",
      "Need satisfaction",
      "Affective well-being",
      "Sense of community"
    ]
  },
  "supported_claim": "In this Dutch employee sample, deliberately structuring a leisure activity around autonomous goal-setting, learning and human connection, with weekly reflection, produced greater five-week growth than passive control in self-reported meaning at work and employee creativity. Brali can therefore test a bounded 'craft your leisure' protocol as a personal-development experiment whose outcome is reviewed rather than assumed.",
  "unsupported_or_overstated_claims": [
    "Leisure crafting has been shown to improve objective job performance or productivity.",
    "The intervention reliably improves work engagement, meaning in life, need satisfaction or sense of community.",
    "The intervention generally improves affective well-being for working adults of all ages; the observed well-being effect was age-dependent.",
    "Sports, collective activities or any particular hobby are superior choices.",
    "Five weeks, one weekly reflection, or any specific activity frequency is an optimal dose.",
    "Autonomous goal-setting, learning or human connection has been isolated as the causal ingredient; the intervention tested them as a bundle.",
    "Leisure should be optimized primarily for work output rather than enjoyment, recovery or personal values."
  ],
  "limitations": [
    "The comparator was passive, so expectancy, attention and structured reflection were not controlled.",
    "All reported outcomes were self-report and measured at the same weekly occasions; objective performance was not measured.",
    "The study lasted five weeks and modeled linear growth, so persistence and longer-term trajectories are unknown.",
    "Participants were Dutch employees recruited from one internet panel, limiting cultural and occupational generalization.",
    "Post-randomization retention criteria included leisure participation and, for intervention participants, self-reported intervention effort; this can select for participants who engaged with the program.",
    "Activity type, frequency and intensity were not experimentally varied, and most intervention participants chose sports activities.",
    "The authors note that goal-setting may have been overrepresented relative to learning and human connection in how participants engaged with the intervention."
  ],
  "target_hack_ids": [
    "craft-your-leisure"
  ],
  "target_protocol_ids": [
    "brali:craft-your-leisure"
  ],
  "risk_flags": [],
  "notes": "Protocol-design direction: choose one leisure activity because it matters outside work; add one self-chosen developmental target, one learning edge and one connection element where natural; review progress weekly for several weeks and separately record whether any useful work spillover appears. Do not turn leisure into a productivity obligation, and stop or simplify if the structure removes enjoyment or recovery value."
}