{
  "schema_version": 1,
  "id": "debiasing-education-transfer-boundary-2025",
  "canonical_url": "https://brali-lifeos.github.io/evidence/debiasing-education-transfer-boundary-2025/",
  "json_url": "https://brali-lifeos.github.io/evidence/debiasing-education-transfer-boundary-2025/index.json",
  "decision": "support-existing",
  "decision_label": "Supports existing guidance",
  "reviewed_at": "2026-09-11",
  "reviewed_by": "Brali Evidence Reviewer",
  "source": {
    "title": "Systematic review and meta-analysis of educational approaches to reduce cognitive biases among students",
    "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-025-02253-y",
    "type": "systematic-review-meta-analysis",
    "doi": "10.1038/s41562-025-02253-y",
    "citation_text": "Swaryandini G, Graham J, Griffith S, et al. Nat Hum Behav. 2025;9:2510-2538.",
    "study_design": "Systematic review of 54 randomized controlled trials with 383 effect sizes and meta-analysis of 160 effects from 41 studies evaluating educational interventions intended to reduce cognitive biases.",
    "population": "10,941 participants across the randomized studies, primarily students in educational settings and spanning multiple targeted cognitive biases.",
    "intervention_or_exposure": "Educational debiasing approaches including cognitive strategies, feedback, games, instructional materials and multi-component training; some included consider-the-opposite components.",
    "outcomes": [
      "Performance on targeted cognitive-bias tasks",
      "Bias reduction after educational interventions",
      "Evidence about retention and transfer where reported"
    ]
  },
  "supported_claim": "Debiasing education can produce a small average improvement on targeted bias tasks. This supports modest expectations for a consider-the-opposite check while making the boundary explicit: depth of learning and transfer to meaningful real-world decisions remain uncertain.",
  "unsupported_or_overstated_claims": [
    "A brief consider-the-opposite prompt has a meta-analytically proven effect size of g 0.26.",
    "Debiasing training reliably transfers to professional and personal decisions.",
    "All cognitive biases respond similarly to training.",
    "One educational strategy was established as universally best.",
    "A small targeted-task effect implies large practical decision improvements."
  ],
  "limitations": [
    "All included studies were rated unclear or high risk of bias.",
    "There was some evidence of publication bias.",
    "Interventions, bias targets and outcome measures were highly heterogeneous.",
    "Transfer beyond explicitly trained tasks was limited or uncertain in many studies.",
    "The pooled effect represents diverse educational interventions rather than the consider-the-opposite strategy alone."
  ],
  "target_hack_ids": [
    "consider-the-opposite"
  ],
  "target_protocol_ids": [
    "brali:consider-the-opposite"
  ],
  "risk_flags": [],
  "notes": "Use as a calibration source: the direction is encouraging, the average effect is small, and real-world transfer must remain an open question."
}